一款有害藻華(HABs)研究的(de)理想工具。
近日，德國WALZ公(gong)司在其網站上線了全新版(ban)的藻類(lei)葉綠(lv)素熒光(guang)(guang)儀(yi)WATER-PAM-II，與其第一代(dai)WATER-PAM的主機(ji)檢測(ce)器分(fen)開不同，WATER-PAM-II將(jiang)主機(ji)和(he)(he)檢測(ce)器巧妙的合二為一，整體設計(ji)更(geng)加緊湊，野外(wai)現場使用(yong)更(geng)加便攜。除此之外(wai)，WATER-PAM-II還同時(shi)搭載(zai)了藍色(se)450nm和(he)(he)紅(hong)色(se)630 nm的測(ce)量光(guang)(guang)、光(guang)(guang)化光(guang)(guang)、飽和(he)(he)脈沖以及730nm的遠紅(hong)光(guang)(guang)。另外(wai)WATER-PAM-II還搭載(zai)與了PHYTO-PAM-II類(lei)似的激發光(guang)(guang)譜，基于不同藻類(lei)在450nm，520nm，630nm，660nm的熒光(guang)(guang)激發光(guang)(guang)譜差異來(lai)計(ji)算(suan)和(he)(he)分(fen)析自然水體藻類(lei)成分(fen)（藍藻，綠(lv)藻，硅(gui)甲(jia)藻），分(fen)別(bie)測(ce)量每個(ge)藻種類(lei)的葉綠(lv)素a濃度和(he)(he)計(ji)算(suan)總(zong)葉綠(lv)素a濃度。一臺機(ji)器可以滿足更(geng)多種藻類(lei)或浮(fu)游植物的測(ce)量需求(qiu)。
全新的WATER-PAM-II使用(yong)觸摸屏操(cao)作，其半透LED顯(xian)示屏在自然(ran)光(guang)下清晰(xi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)見。單(dan)機界面將常用(yong)的菜(cai)單(dan)做了頂(ding)層設(she)計(ji)，這(zhe)些菜(cai)單(dan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)完成絕大部分常規測量(liang)，如慢(man)速熒光(guang)誘(you)導動(dong)力(li)學曲(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)、快速光(guang)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)、AL+Y程序測量(liang)。頂(ding)層菜(cai)單(dan)還(huan)(huan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)實現(xian)數據查看，光(guang)強列表(biao)查看等。更多機器(qi)設(she)置可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)進入到PAM Settings，如機器(qi)設(she)置，光(guang)源(yuan)選擇，程序調(diao)用(yong)，傳感(gan)器(qi)激活(huo)，存儲記憶瀏(liu)覽(lan)，設(she)備信息查看都非(fei)常簡(jian)潔明了。此外，WATER-PAM-II還(huan)(huan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)過USB接口實現(xian)與Windows系統計(ji)算機連(lian)接，使用(yong)WinControl-3軟件(jian)操(cao)作儀器(qi)。WinControl-3可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)一鍵啟動(dong)慢(man)速熒光(guang)誘(you)導動(dong)力(li)學曲(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)和(he)暗弛(chi)豫并進行淬滅(mie)分析。可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)測量(liang)快速光(guang)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)（RLC）并選擇擬合方程得出(chu)擬合結果。可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)記錄(lu)樣品葉綠素熒光(guang)變化的動(dong)態軌跡(ji)，繪制(zhi)熒光(guang)參(can)數的動(dong)態變化曲(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)存和(he)導出(chu)數據報告。
全新的(de)WATER-PAM-II使(shi)用(yong)(yong)8節AA充電(dian)電(dian)池（5號(hao)電(dian)池）供電(dian)，在(zai)(zai)不外(wai)接電(dian)源的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)可進行(xing)長達1000次飽和脈沖分析；額外(wai)的(de)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)池組使(shi)得(de)儀器可以在(zai)(zai)偏遠地方(fang)進行(xing)長期研究。
全(quan)新的(de)WATER-PAM-II可以(yi)選配流通樣品室，在外接蠕動泵的(de)情況下實現長期(qi)連(lian)續測(ce)量。
藻類光合作用及藻類組分的相關參數
Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm, F, Fm’, Fo’, Y(II)=ΔF/Fm’, qP, qN, NPQ, Y(NPQ), Y(NO), ETR, α，Ik，ETRmax
藍藻(zao)(zao)，綠藻(zao)(zao)，硅甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)葉綠素a濃度和總葉綠素a濃度等
應用領域
測量野外自然水樣或實驗室培(pei)養的(de)(de)微藻樣品的(de)(de)光合作(zuo)用，標準(zhun)版(ban)是(shi)一臺超便(bian)攜的(de)(de)設備，在(zai)標準(zhun)版(ban)的(de)(de)基礎上加配流通版(ban)樣品室和蠕(ru)動泵套件即(ji)可實現連續監(jian)測。
WATER-PAM-II還搭載與了PHYTO-PAM-II類(lei)似的熒(ying)光激發(fa)光譜(pu)，基于(yu)不同(tong)藻(zao)(zao)類(lei)在450nm，520nm，630nm，660nm的熒(ying)光激發(fa)光譜(pu)差異來(lai)計(ji)算(suan)和分(fen)析(xi)自然水體藻(zao)(zao)類(lei)成(cheng)分(fen)（藍藻(zao)(zao)，綠藻(zao)(zao)，硅甲藻(zao)(zao)），分(fen)別測量每個藻(zao)(zao)中類(lei)的葉綠素(su)a濃(nong)度和計(ji)算(suan)總葉綠素(su)a(Total Chla)濃(nong)度。
可應(ying)用(yong)于水(shui)生(sheng)生(sheng)物學(xue)、水(shui)域生(sheng)態學(xue)、海洋學(xue)、湖沼(zhao)學(xue)等領域，檢測限達0.1 μgChl/L。可用(yong)于有害藻(zao)華(HABs)的早期預警。
相關背景
1998年，德(de)國WALZ公司設(she)計并(bing)推出了高(gao)靈敏度(du)調制(zhi)葉(xie)綠素熒光(guang)儀WATER-PAM用(yong)于(yu)測量水體(ti)中(zhong)浮(fu)游植物的(de)葉(xie)綠素熒光(guang)，研究藻類光(guang)合作用(yong)。在(zai)過(guo)去的(de)二十(shi)多年時間里，使(shi)用(yong)WATER-PAM熒光(guang)儀發表(biao)的(de)科研論文超過(guo)500多篇。
參考文獻
數據來(lai)源(yuan)：光合作用(yong)文獻(xian)Endnote數據庫; 原始數據來(lai)源(yuan)：Google Scholar
WATER-PAM-II近期剛推出(chu)，以下目錄為2021年使用WATER-PAM發表文獻(xian)列表
1. Alekseev, A. A., et al. (2021). "Influence of mercury salts on the condition of algae as studied by fluorescence methods." 9th International Conference on Mathematical Modeling 2328(1): 050001.
2. Baho, D. L., et al. (2021). "Ecological Memory of Historical Contamination Influences the Response of Phytoplankton Communities." Ecosystems.
3. Bhagooli, R., et al. (2021). "Chlorophyll fluorescence – A tool to assess photosynthetic performance and stress photophysiology in symbiotic marine invertebrates and seaplants." Marine pollution bulletin 165: 112059.
4. Castro-Varela, P. A., et al. (2021). "Photobiological Effects on Biochemical Composition in Porphyridium cruentum (Rhodophyta) with a Biotechnological Application." Photochemistry and Photobiology n/a(n/a).
5. Chen, R.-S., et al. (2021). "Effects of Mn2+ on neutral lipid content, C4 pathway, and related gene expression in Phaeodactylum tricornutum." Journal of Applied Phycology.
6. Gu, Z., et al. (2021). "Enhancement of nutrients removal and biomass accumulation of Chlorella vulgaris in pig manure anaerobic digestate effluent by the pretreatment of indigenous bacteria." Bioresource Technology 328: 124846.
7. Kennedy, F., et al. (2021). "Rapid changes in spectral composition after darkness influences nitric oxide, glucose and hydrogen peroxide production in the Antarctic diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus." Polar Biology.
8. Li, S., et al. (2021). "Exploring the potential of photosynthetic induction factor for the commercial production of fucoxanthin in Phaeodactylum tricornutum." Bioprocess and biosystems engineering.
9. Li, X., et al. (2021). "Effects of periodical dehydration on biomass yield and biochemical composition of the edible red alga Pyropia yezoensis grown at different salinities." Algal Research 56: 102315.
10. Puig-Fàbregas, J., et al. (2021). "Evaluation of actin as a reference for quantitative gene expression studies in Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) under ocean acidification conditions." Phycologia: 1-10.
11. Soleymani Robati, S. M., et al. (2021). "Increase in lipid productivity and photosynthetic activities during distillery wastewater decolorization by Chlorella vulgaris cultures." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.
12. Song, Y., et al. (2021). "Electrokinetic detection and separation of living algae in a microfluidic chip: implication for ship’s ballast water analysis." Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
13. Xi, Y., et al. (2021). "Photosynthetic profiling of a Dunaliella salina mutant DS240G-1 with improved β-carotene productivity induced by heavy ions irradiation2021." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering.
14. Xu, K., et al. (2021). "Toxic and protective mechanisms of cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. in response to titanium dioxide nanoparticles." Environmental Pollution: 116508.
15. Zhao, L., et al. (2021). "Light modulates the effect of antibiotic norfloxacin on photosynthetic processes of Microcystis aeruginosa." Aquatic Toxicology 235: 105826.
16. Zhu, J., et al. (2021). "Bacteriophage therapy on the conchocelis of Pyropia haitanensis (Rhodophyta) infected by Vibrio mediterranei 117-T6." Aquaculture 531: 735853.
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