植物對生(sheng)物圈(quan)、大氣(qi)圈(quan)、土(tu)壤(rang)圈(quan)和巖(yan)石圈(quan)的影響(xiang)，是(shi)(shi)決定(ding)陸地(di)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)的關鍵(jian)因(yin)素，其中(zhong)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)及其共生(sheng)體是(shi)(shi)維(wei)持多種生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)的核心。根(gen)(gen)系(xi)在(zai)元素和礦物/有機(ji)化合物的跨圈(quan)層轉(zhuan)化和循環中(zhong)起(qi)著關鍵(jian)作用(yong)，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)的形成、維(wei)護和穩定(ding)方面。因(yin)此，深入了解(jie)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)對生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)影響(xiang)的機(ji)理，具有許多潛在(zai)的應用(yong)價值。根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)，相比(bi)植物的(de)(de)其他器官，具有(you)極其多樣(yang)的(de)(de)形(xing)態(tai)(tai)和特性(xing)。近幾(ji)十年來，在根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)研(yan)究的(de)(de)許多領域（如：根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)形(xing)態(tai)(tai)、根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)生(sheng)理(li)(li)、根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)構(gou)型、根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)力(li)學(xue)(xue)和根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)解剖學(xue)(xue)等）已取(qu)得廣泛的(de)(de)進展(zhan)，為(wei)我們理(li)(li)解根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)功能(neng)性(xing)狀的(de)(de)多樣(yang)性(xing)及其對(dui)植物和生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功能(neng)的(de)(de)貢獻帶來了(le)相當大(da)的(de)(de)進展(zhan)。盡管取(qu)得了(le)重(zhong)大(da)進展(zhan)，但對(dui)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)功能(neng)性(xing)狀與植物或生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功能(neng)關系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)，仍然存在很大(da)差距，且缺乏對(dui)現有(you)知識(shi)的(de)(de)全面概(gai)述。最近，Grégoire T. Freschet等(deng)（Grégoire T. Freschet, et al., 2021）綜(zong)述了(le)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)功能(neng)性(xing)狀(zhuang)與24個植物(wu)或生態系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功能(neng)的(de)(de)關系(xi)(xi)，包括根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)構型、根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)生理(li)(li)、根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)形態、根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)解(jie)剖(pou)、根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)組(zu)成、根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)力學(xue)(xue)和(he)生物(wu)間相互(hu)作用等(deng)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)功能(neng)性(xing)狀(zhuang)，涉(she)及植物(wu)生理(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、生態生理(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、生態學(xue)(xue)、農(nong)學(xue)(xue)和(he)土壤學(xue)(xue)等(deng)學(xue)(xue)科，分(fen)享了(le)一系(xi)(xi)列根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)研究領域的(de)(de)專業知識(shi)，突出了(le)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)功能(neng)性(xing)狀(zhuang)和(he)植物(wu)或生態系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功能(neng)關系(xi)(xi)認識(shi)的(de)(de)最新(xin)進展。還通過(guo)兩個實例對根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)性(xing)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)直接和(he)間接驅動作用進行了(le)較為全面的(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)：（1）根系功能性(xing)(xing)狀與(yu)(yu)植株氮(dan)吸(xi)收能力的(de)(de)關系；（2）與(yu)(yu)土壤加固(gu)相(xiang)關的(de)(de)根系功能性(xing)(xing)狀與(yu)(yu)抗淺層(ceng)滑坡的(de)(de)關系。然(ran)后，批判性(xing)(xing)地評(ping)價(jia)了(le)現有知識的(de)(de)優點和不足，并明(ming)確了(le)未(wei)來的(de)(de)研究方向。具體提出了有助于提高根系功能性狀與植物或生態系統功能關系認識的三大主要研究方向：1. 在探索(suo)根(gen)系(xi)(xi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)與(yu)(yu)植(zhi)(zhi)物或生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)時，選擇性(xing)(xing)使用功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)很(hen)重(zhong)要(yao)，最重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)根(gen)系(xi)(xi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)并不是那些最常(chang)測量的(de)(de)，一些當前未被(bei)研究(jiu)的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)比(bi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)、易于(yu)測量的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)更(geng)具研究(jiu)價值，要(yao)評估功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)對(dui)(dui)植(zhi)(zhi)物或生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)(xing)，需要(yao)考(kao)慮來(lai)自(zi)不同物種、不同環境和(he)不同時間(jian)序列(lie)的(de)(de)更(geng)全面的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)；2. 如何理(li)解功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)間(jian)的(de)(de)相(xiang)互關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)和(he)層次(ci)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)，建立根(gen)系(xi)(xi)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)之間(jian)的(de)(de)因果層次(ci)聯系(xi)(xi)提供了一個基(ji)于(yu)假設的(de)(de)框架(jia)，以識別功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)上(shang)聯系(xi)(xi)最強的(de)(de)最簡(jian)化的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)集，有助于(yu)進一步認識不同功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)對(dui)(dui)植(zhi)(zhi)物和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)協(xie)同或拮(jie)抗(kang)作用，并將(jiang)基(ji)因型與(yu)(yu)植(zhi)(zhi)物和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)聯系(xi)(xi)起來(lai)。進一步將(jiang)基(ji)因型與(yu)(yu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)聯系(xi)(xi)起來(lai)；3. 跨植(zhi)(zhi)物物種、生(sheng)(sheng)長型、環境背(bei)景和(he)時空尺度概括功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)屬性(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)植(zhi)(zhi)物或生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)時存在的(de)(de)機遇和(he)陷阱。
圖(tu)1 植物和(he)生態系(xi)統功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)通常與(yu)源于根(gen)系(xi)生態學多(duo)(duo)個(ge)領域(yu)的(de)一(yi)系(xi)列根(gen)系(xi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)。一(yi)些功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)對多(duo)(duo)個(ge)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)起作用，a描(miao)(miao)述與(yu)養(yang)(yang)分吸收功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)的(de)根(gen)系(xi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)；b描(miao)(miao)述與(yu)養(yang)(yang)分保護和(he)重利用相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)的(de)根(gen)系(xi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)；c描(miao)(miao)述與(yu)生態系(xi)統元素循環相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)的(de)根(gen)系(xi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)；d屬性(xing)(xing)(xing)涉及的(de)多(duo)(duo)個(ge)學科(ke)。
圖2 與長期和短期氮吸收和土壤抗(kang)淺層滑坡相關的根系功(gong)能屬性間(jian)的直接、間(jian)接和層級關系。Freschet G T, Roumet C, Comas L H, et al. Root traits as drivers of plant and ecosystem functioning: Current understanding, pitfalls and future research needs. New Phytologist, 2020.
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